ENGLISH

INSTRUCTOR  
JAIME ARMANDO RAMÍREZ

“The problems are not stop sings. They are guidelines”

– R. Schuler –

WHO ARE WE?

We prepare for the world that is productive in the area of technical training in Administrative Management SENA – UNIMINUTO aware of the demands of a global economy in the so-called "knowledge society" where the management of the information constitutes an advantage which adds value to our performance. English is then a huge window that allows us to have a broader perspective on the economic and social reality, connecting us timely and efficient manner.

Tutorial Video

Tutorial Video

Numbers

There are two main types of numbers:

Cardinal Numbers - 1 (one), 2 (two) etc. (Used mainly for counting)

Ordinal Numbers - 1st (first), 2nd (second) etc. (Used mainly for putting things in a sequence)

Cardinal Numbers

Cardinal numbers are normally used when you:

-      Count things: I have two brothers. There are thirty-one days in January.

-      Give your age: I am thirty-three years old. My sister is twenty-seven years old.                                                                                                                                                

-      Give your telephone number: Our phone number is two-six-three, three-eight-four-seven. (481-2240)

-      Give years: She was born in nineteen seventy-five (1975). America was discovered in fourteen ninety-two

Notice how we divide the year into two parts. This is the form for year up to 1999. For the year 2000 and on, we say two thousand (2000), two thousand and one (2001), two thousand and two (2002) etc.

Ordinal Numbers

You can normally create Ordinal numbers by adding -TH to the end of a Cardinal Number.

Ordinal numbers are normally used when you:

Give a date: My birthday is on the 27th of January. (Twenty-seventh of January)

Put things in a sequence or order: Liverpool came second in the football league last year.

Give the floor of a building: His office is on the tenth floor.

Have birthdays: He had a huge party for his twenty-first birthday.

Exercises  in class

“I more worry about my conscience than my reputation, because my conscience depends of what I think about myself and my reputation depends of what others think about me and what the others think is their problem” 

- A. Einstein-

Pronouns

Definition

A pronoun (I, me, he, she, herself, you, it, that, they, each, few, many, who, whoever, whose, someone, everybody, etc.) is a word that takes the place of a noun. In the sentence Joe saw Jill, and he waved at her, the pronouns he and her take the place of Joe and Jill, respectively. There are three types of pronouns: subject (for example, he); object (him); or possessive (his).

Rule 1. Subject pronouns are used when the pronoun is the subject of the sentence. You can remember subject pronouns easily by filling in the blank subject space for a simple sentence.

I, he, she, we, they, who, whoever, etc., all qualify and are, therefore, subject pronouns.

Rule 2. Subject pronouns are also used if they rename the subject. They will follow to be verbs, such as is, are, was, were, am, will be, had been, etc.

Examples:

It is he.

This is she speaking.

It is we who are responsible for the decision to downsize.

Rule 3. This rule surprises even language watchers: when who refers to a personal pronoun (I, you, he, she, we, they), it takes the verb that agrees with that pronoun.

Correct: It is I who am sorry. (I am)

Incorrect: It is I who is sorry.

Rule 4. Object pronouns are used everywhere else beyond Rules 1 and 2 (direct object, indirect object, object of a preposition). Object pronouns include me, him, herself, us, them, themselves, etc.

Examples:

Jean saw him.

Him is the direct object.

Rule 5. The pronouns who, that, and which become singular or plural depending on the subject. If the subject is singular, use a singular verb. If it is plural, use a plural verb.

Example: He is the only one of those men who is always on time.

The word who refers to one. Therefore, use the singular verb is.

Rule 6. Pronouns that are singular (I, he, she, everyone, everybody, anyone, anybody, no one, nobody, someone, somebody, each, either, neither, etc.) require singular verbs. This rule is frequently overlooked when using the pronouns each, either, and neither, followed by of. Those three pronouns always take singular verbs. Do not be misled by what follows of.

Examples:

Each of the girls sings well.

Either of us is capable of doing the job.

Exercises in class

Weekly  Song

“If you want to make a world a better place take a look of yourself then make the chance”

- M. Jackson –

Tutorial Video Administrative Management

Weekly  Song

Boney M Rivers Of Babylon

The Verb “To Be”

The Forms of “To Be”

The Greek sea god, Proteus, was (like the sea) capable of changing form in an instant. In order to get any decent information out of him, you had to grab him and hold on tight while he went through his various forms — lion, wild boar, snake, tree, running stream — it wasn't easy. The verb “To be” is said to be the most protean of the English language, constantly changing form, sometimes without much of a discernible pattern. Considering that we use it so often, it is really too bad that the verb “To be” has to be the most irregular, slippery verb in the language.

Present Tense

I am    We are

You are         You are

He/She/It is They are

Perfect Form (past participle)

I have been, etc.

Progressive Form (present participle)

I am being, etc.

Past Tense

I was  We were

You were      You were

He/She/It was         They were

We must choose carefully among these various forms when selecting the proper verb to go with our subject. Singular subjects require singular verbs; plural subjects require plural verbs. That's usually an easy matter. We wouldn't write “The troops was moving to the border.” But some sentences require closer attention. Do we write “The majority of students is (or are) voting against the referendum"? Review carefully the material in our section on Subject-Verb Agreement, and notice how often the choices we make require a familiarity with these forms of the “To be” verb.

Tutorial Video

Tutorial Video

Learn English

Tutorial Video

WALK

Tutorial video

Weekly  Song

The Time

Explanation

There are two common ways of telling the time.

Formal but easier way

Say the hours first and then the minutes.

Example: 7:45 - seven forty-five

For minutes 01 through 09, you can pronounce the '0' as oh.

Example: 11:06 - eleven (oh) six

More popular way

Say the minutes first and then the hours. Use past and the preceding hour for minutes 01 through 30. Use to and the forthcoming hour for minutes 31 through 59, but .

Example: 7.15 - fifteen minutes past seven

Example: 7.45 - fifteen minutes to eight

Another possibility of saying '15 minutes past' is: a quarter past

Another possibility of saying '15 minutes to' is: a quarter to

Another possibility of saying '30 minutes past' is: half past

Example: 5:30 - half past five

Watch

Note

Use o'clock only at the full hour.

Example: 7:00 - seven o'clock (but 7:10 - ten past seven)

In English ordinary speech, the twelve-hour clock is used.

Beispiel: 17:20 - twenty past five

For times around midnight or midday you can use the expressions midnight or midday / noon instead of the number 12.

Beispiel: 00:00 - midnight

Beispiel: 12:00 - midday or noon

To make clear (where necessary) whether you mean a time before 12 o'clock noon or after, you can use in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening, at night. Use in the morning before 12 o'clock noon, after 12 o'clock noon use in the afternoon. When to change from afternoon to evening, from evening to night and from night to morning depends on your sense of time.

Example: 3:15 - a quarter past three in the morning OR a quarter past three at night

More formal expressions to indicate whether a time is before noon or after are a.m. (also: am - ante meridiem, before noon) and p.m. (also: pm - post meridiem, after noon). Use these expression only with the formal way of telling the time.

Example: 3:15 - three fifteen a.m.

It is not usual to use a.m. and p.m. with past/to.

Example: 3:15 - fifteen minutes past three OR a quarter past three

American English

Beside past Americans often use after.

Example: 06:10 - ten past/after six

But: in time expressions with half past it is not usual to replace past by after.

Beside to Americans often use before, of or till.

Example: 05:50 - ten to/before/of/till six

Tutorial video

"There is no need to turn off the light of another to achieve that shine the our".

Tutorial video

   

http://inglesvigo.com/2011/04/06/vocabulario-business-english-ingles-tecnico-y-de-negocios/

Tutorial video

Learn How to Learn

Tutorial video

Tutorial video

WORD BANK 

Tutorial video

The Zero Conditional

We can make a zero conditional sentence with two present simple verbs (one in the 'if clause' and one in the 'main clause'):

• If + present simple, .... present simple.

This conditional is used when the result will always happen. So, if water reaches 100 degrees, it always boils. It's a fact. I'm talking in general, not about one particular situation. The result of the 'if clause' is always the main cluase.

The 'if' in this conditional can usually be replaced by 'when' without changing the meaning.

For example: If water reaches 100 degrees, it boils. (It is always true, there can't be a different result sometimes). If I eat peanuts, I am sick. (This is true only for me, maybe, not for everyone, but it's still true that I'm sick every time I eat peanuts)

Here are some more examples:

·    If people eat too much, they get fat. ·    If you touch a fire, you get burned. ·    People die if they don't eat. ·    You get water if you mix hydrogen and oxygen. ·    Snakes bite if they are scared ·    If babies are hungry, they cry

See this page about the first conditional to learn about the difference between the first and the zero conditionals. The first conditional is about a specific situation, but the zero is talking in general.

The First Conditional

The first conditional has the present simple after 'if', then the future simplein the other clause:

• if + present simple, ... will + infinitive

It's used to talk about things which might happen in the future. Of course, we can't know what will happen in the future, but this describes possible things, which could easily come true.

• If it rains, I won't go to the park.
• If I study today, I'll go to the party tonight.
• If I have enough money, I'll buy some new shoes.
• She'll be late if the train is delayed.
• She'll miss the bus if she doesn't leave soon.
• If I see her, I'll tell her.

First vs. Zero Conditional:

The first conditional describes a particular situation, whereas the zero conditional describes what happens in general.

For example (zero conditional): if you sit in the sun, you get burned (here I'm talking about every time a person sits in the sun - the burning is a natural consequence of the sitting)

But (first conditional): if you sit in the sun, you'll get burned (here I'm talking about what will happen today, another day might be different)

First vs. Second Conditional:

The first conditional describes things that I think are likely to happen in the future, whereas the second conditional talks about things that I don't think will really happen. It's subjective; it depends on my point of view.

For example (first conditional): If she studies harder, she'll pass the exam (I think it's possible she will study harder and so she'll pass)

But (second conditional): If she studied harder, she would pass the exam (I think that she won't study harder, or it's very unlikely, and so she won't pass).

The Second Conditional

The second conditional uses the past simple after if, then 'would' and the infinitive:

• if + past simple, ...would + infinitive

(We can use 'were' instead of 'was' with 'I' and 'he/she/it'. This is mostly done in formal writing).

It has two uses.

First, we can use it to talk about things in the future that are probably not going to be true. Maybe I'm imagining some dream for example.

• If I won the lottery, I would buy a big house.(I probably won't win the lottery)
• If I met the Queen of England, I would say hello.
• She would travel all over the world if she were rich.
• She would pass the exam if she ever studied.(She never studies, so this won't happen)

Second, we can use it to talk about something in the present which is impossible, because it's not true. Is that clear? Have a look at the examples:

• If I had his number, I would call him. (I don't have his number now, so it's impossible for me to call him).
• If I were you, I wouldn't go out with that man.

How is this different from the first conditional?

This kind of conditional sentence is different from the first conditional because this is a lot more unlikely.

For example (second conditional): If I had enough money I would buy a house with twenty bedrooms and a swimming pool (I'm probably not going to have this much money, it's just a dream, not very real)

But (first conditional): If I have enough money, I'll buy some new shoes (It's much more likely that I'll have enough money to buy some shoes).

ACTIVITIES AND WORD BANK

EXERCISE IN CLASS

 

VERB

The importance of the verb.The words are a key element to communicate. The deal to form groups of words that may be phrases or sentences.

Weekly  Song

GLOSSARY

GLOSSARY

A

Advertising campaign

An organization’s programme of advertising activities over a particular period with specific aims, for example an increase in sales or awareness of a product.

Agenda

A list of the subjects to be discussed at a meeting.

Alliance

An agreement between two or more organizations to work together.

AOB

Any other business; the time during a meeting when items not on the agenda can be discussed.

Application

1 a formal, usually written, request for something or for permission to do something.

2 a formal request for work.

3 a practical use for something.

4 a piece of software for a particular use or job.

B

Bank statement

Information sent regularly by a bank to a customer, showing the money that has gone into and out of their account over a particular period.

Billboard

Am e a large sign used for advertising. Billboards are usually called hoardings in British English.

Blueprint

A plan for achieving or improving something.

C

Commission

An amount of money paid to someone according to the value of goods, services,

investments they have sold.

Concept

An idea for a product, business.

Consortium

Consortiums or consortia a combination of several companies working together for a particular purpose, for example in order to buy something or build something

D

Decline

If an industry or country declines, it becomes less profitable, productive, and wealthy. If sales, output, production decline, they become less.

Demand

Spending on goods and services by companies and people in a particular economy. The total amount of a type of goods or services that people or companies buy in a particular period.

The total amount of a type of goods or services that people or companies would buy if they were available.

E

Economies of scale

The advantages that a bigger factory, shop has over a smaller one because it can spread its fixed costs over a larger number of units and thus produce or sell things more cheaply.

Expand

To become larger in size, amount, or number, or to make something larger in size, amount, or

Number. If a company expands, it increases its sales, areas of activity.

F

Facilities

Special buildings or equipment that have been provided for a particular use, such as sports

Activities, shopping or travelling.

Fall

A reduction in the amount, level, price of something. When a person or organization loses their position of power or becomes unsuccessful.

G

Globalization

As station Bree the tendency for the world economy to work as one unit, led by large international companies doing business all over the world.

Globalize

Also ies Bree if a company, an industry, or an economy globalizes or is globalized, it no longer depends on conditions in one country, but on conditions in the world as whole.

Goodwill payment

A payment made by a supplier to a customer because of a problem the customer has had, for example with quality or late delivery of goods.

H

Headquarters

The head office or main building of an organization.

Hot-desking

When people working in an office do not each have their own desk, but work where there is one available.

I

Industrial espionage

The activity of secretly finding out a company’s plans, details of its products.

 Infant industry

Industry in its early stages of development in a particular country. Some people think that infant industries should be helped with government money and protected from international competition import taxes.

L

Launch

An occasion at which a new product is shown or made available for sale or use for the first time the start of a new activity or plan.

Letter of credit

In foreign trade, a written promise by an importer’s bank to pay the exporter’s bank on a particular date or after a particular event, for example when the goods are sent by the exporter.

 P

Patent

An legal document giving a person or company the right to make or sell a new invention, product, or method of doing something and stating that no other person or company is allowed to do this.

R

Redundancy

 When someone loses their job in a company because the job is no longer needed. Usually plural a person who has lost their job in a company because the job is no longer needed.

S

Segment

A part of the economy of a country or a company’s work also market segment a group of customers that share similar characteristics, such as age, income, interests, social class. Also market segment the products in a particular part of the market.

T

Takeover target

A company that may be bought or that is being bought by another company.

U

Upmarket/upscale

To start buying or selling more expensive goods or services

V

Voice mail

A system for leaving messages for people by telephone, or the messages themselves.

Volume

The amount of space that a substance or object contains or fills. The total amount of something.

W

Warranty

A written promise that a company gives to a customer, stating that it will repair or replace a product they have bought if it breaks during a certain period of time. Warranty is another word for guarantee.

Z

Zero defects

The aim of having no faults at all in products that are produced.

For the realization of this glossary extracted information " LONGMAN BUSINESS ENGLISH DICTIONARY".  Which it is recommended to acquire knowledge in administrative terms.